How can physics be used to probe the Earth's structure?

The latest ELI+ activity is 'From clay balls to the structure of the Earth; a discussion of how physics can be used to probe Earth's structure.'
This activity consolidates understanding of many physical processes and characteristics including, density, inertia, magnetism, electromagnetism, sound (ultrasound and seismic) and radiation (X-rays and ionising) The best evidence we have for the core‘s position and character is seismic waves, but density-measurements, inertia and magnetism each contribute useful information.
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